What a no-logs VPN actually promises
A VPN sees every site you connect to, so the real question is what it writes down. A strict no-logs policy means no record of the sites you visit, the traffic you send, the IP address you connected from or the times you were online. It does not mean the company knows nothing about you: your email address and payment details sit with the account, and every provider here keeps them. If that matters, pay with a method that does not carry your name.
The four kinds of proof, strongest first
A real-world test. The hardest evidence is a demand for data that came back empty. In a US bomb-hoax case, an FBI subpoena to Private Internet Access, quoted in a public court complaint, produced nothing that identified a user. Turkish investigators later seized an ExpressVPN server and found no user logs on it. Only two providers on this page have a test of that kind on the public record.
An independent audit. A firm such as Deloitte, KPMG or Securitum inspects the server configuration, the code and the staff and signs a report. NordVPN has done this six times and Proton five years in a row. An audit is a snapshot of the systems on the days it was carried out, which is why repeat audits count for more than a single one.
Servers that cannot keep anything. RAM-only servers run without a hard disk, so a reboot or a power cut wipes them. NordVPN, Surfshark, ExpressVPN, PIA and CyberGhost all use them. Proton does not, deliberately: it uses full-disk encryption instead and argues that RAM-only servers are overstated. That is a defensible position, but it is a different one.
Code you can read. Open-source apps let anyone check what the software on your device sends home. Every Proton app is open source, and so are PIA's.
What makes a VPN the most secure
A kill switch. It blocks traffic while the tunnel reconnects, the few seconds when a VPN that is switched on is not actually protecting you. Every VPN on this page has one; check that it is turned on.
Post-quantum encryption. Traffic recorded today could be decrypted by a future quantum computer. ExpressVPN has this on by default in Lightway, Surfshark on WireGuard, and NordVPN offers it as a setting. The others have not shipped it yet.
Transparency reports. PIA, CyberGhost, Surfshark and ExpressVPN publish how many legal requests they received and what they handed over. A report that keeps saying nothing is a quieter kind of proof that adds up over time.
What no VPN can hide
A VPN hides your traffic from your network and your internet provider. It does not stop a site you are signed into from knowing it is you, it does not block browser fingerprinting on its own, and it does not make a phishing link safe. Treat it as one layer, not the whole of your privacy.